Několik statisticko-analytických poznámek k charakteru krize 2020-2021

The present work is based on a hypothesis that the Czech economy was showing signs of economic deceleration and a potential slump into deeper growth problems way before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., at least in the year 2019. However, the present text does not intend to thoroughly confirm this hypothesis because in order to do so, a longer timeline of key economic indicators needs to be analysed. What it does present is at least a partial argumentation supporting the abovementioned hypothesis and some basic calculations. It proposes two ways towards its confirmation. The first one is a comparative analysis of individual - especially European - economies' response to subsiding external influences, i.e., to the weakening of the effects of the pandemic on the economy. The second way is at least a partial analysis of key macroeconomic indicators from the time before and during the pandemic, with an emphasis on detectable divergences in the development. The conclusion of our research is the finding that as early as in 2019, the Czech economy was showing signs of imminent deceleration of growth, which would probably have turned into stagnation and possibly a certain decrease in economic activity. The conclusions indicate that the reason behind such development was a massive but in fact little effective investment activity in the Czech economic environment, which is historically related to the structure of the economy and to the position of the Czech industrial sector in supplier relationships. Two related phenomena arise from that: firstly, a relatively low labour productivity, with producers domiciled in the Czech Republic reaching quite a low volume of value added, and secondly a massive capital outflow in the form of profits paid to parent companies abroad. The final part of the paper outlines some potentially effective steps which might lead - under favourable circumstances - to restructuring processes in the Czech economy. Due to the date of finishing the research, the paper does not include the consequences of the War in Ukraine.

On the role of innovation and market structure on trade performance: is Schumpeter right?

PurposeThe goal of the paper is to examine the dynamics between innovation, market structure and trade performance. Firstly, the author first investigates the effects of innovation on trade performance. Secondly, the author then examines how market structure affect trade by classifying industries based on their innovation intensity.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses a detailed level data set of eight OECD countries in a panel of 17 industries from the STAN and ANBERD Database. The author employs both a pooled regression and a two-stage quantile regression analysis. The author first investigates the effects of innovation at the aggregate level, and then the author assesses the effects at the disaggregated or firm level.FindingsThe author finds that at the aggregate level, innovation and market size have a positive and significant effect on competitivity in most of the specifications. However, innovation is negatively associated with trade performance in the case of bilateral trade between Spain and the Netherlands. Also, the sectoral analysis provides evidence that the innovation-trade nexus depends on technological classification. The author shows that: (1) the effect of innovation activity on trade performance economic performance is lower for the high technology and high concentration (HTHC) market compared to the low technology (LT) market;(2) the impact of innovation on economic performance is ambiguous for firms in the high technology and low concentration (HTLC) market.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the database provides a rich data set on industrial data, it fails to provide innovation output such as patent data which may underestimate the innovation activities of firms that do not have a separate R&D records. In the current context of subdue economic growth these research results have important policy implications. Firstly, the positive impact of innovation on trade performance strengthens its role for sustainable development. The negative coefficient on innovation is an indication that research intensity in some cases has not been able to create a new demand capable to boost economic performance.Practical implicationsThe market classification analysis provides new evidence that innovation in the LT market has the potential to enhance competition. Secondly, market size supports industries that are competing in the international market. Policy makers must therefore put in place incentives to encourage firms to grow in size if they want to remain globally competitive.Social implicationsSustainable development can be supported through investment in research and development in the low technology sector.Originality/valueThe study is the first as far as the author knows, to examine the impact of innovation on bilateral trade performance using industry level data from OECD countries. Secondly, the author complements the existing literature by examining how innovation activities (classified as high technological intensive or low technological intensive) affect trade performance.

The impacts of policy measures on Japanese SMEs during the pandemic

Using monthly firm-level survey data, this study examines the effects of the three major government support measures on labour costs of Japanese SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy measures were useful for supporting troubled SMEs to mitigate the effects of the economic downturn. However, they may have supported not just otherwise viable corporations, but also unprofitable but still operating corporations – often referred to as ‘zombies'. Our empirical results suggest that policy measures have heterogeneous effects on corporate activities. ‘Employment adjustment subsidies' and ‘COVID19 subsidies' had persistently mitigated the decline of labour costs, suggesting that employment and wage adjustments might have been inappropriate for improving labour productivity. On the other hand, ‘funding supports' by banks, which were accompanied by the obligation to repay the principal in the future, had a negative and persistent impact on labour costs. The results suggest that, unlike the other support measures, funding supports were policies that may have improved labour productivity by reducing labour costs during the pandemic.

The productivity impact of short-term labor mobility across industries

The restrictions on labor mobility imposed in the COVID-19 pandemic heighten the need to review in detail the role of mobility in improving productivity and fostering economic growth. In this study, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of business visits (BVs) understood as a productivity-enhancing intrapreneurial strategy, using the most extensive set of data available, covering 33 sectors and 14 countries during the period 1998–2013. Our database merges unique information on expenditures on BVs by sector, country, and year, sourced from the US National Business Travel Association, with OECD and World Bank productivity data. We find that BVs raise labor productivity in a significant way, but short-term labor mobility exhibits decreasing returns, being more crucial in those firms, sectors, and countries characterized by less mobility and by lower productivity performances.Plain English SummaryCOVID-19 has imposed restrictions on labor mobility and this turns out to be relevant for productivity and economic growth. Business visits (BVs) are a proper proxy (unique information is taken from the US National Business Travel Association) to measure short-term mobility. Sectoral data in 14 countries over the period 1998–2013 are used. Results do reveal that BVs have a positive impact on labor productivity. However, this effect is more relevant in those sectors and economies at a lower stage of productivity evolution, i.e., the lower the initial productivity level, the larger the effect of BVs on productivity. Therefore, BVs play a relevant role in sectors and countries lagging behind in terms of productivity. Policy makers should foster, in the post-pandemic recovery, short-term labor mobility through adequate incentives and tax exemptions, particularly in those sectors where BVs are less frequent and where productivity growth is below the average.

ASSESSING WORKFORCE PERCEPTIONS OF Productivity and Success AFTER 730 DAYS OF Distributed Operations IN RESPONSE TO COVID-19

[...]unless NIWC Pacifics leadership directed that performance of a specific, approved tasking required that it take place at a particular physical workplace location, the laboratory workforce was directed to telework from a safe location while practicing social distancing. [...]the authors distributed two surveys to a subset of the workforce in the early days of the pandemic to assess the perceived work effectiveness of the organization. While Phase 1 of this study targeted a single project and Phase 2 focused on a single division, the researchers felt that expanding the study to a larger number of projects within a department, including the associated support and leadership roles, would help confirm whether or not distributed operations in the form of maximum telework has been an effective means to support the Warfighters. [...]similar survey questions from the previous phases were posed to the department organization on how productive the workforce is and how successful the projects are while operating under maximum telework. Research typically manifests strong evidence in that a large majority of no options or neutral responses reflect an unwillingness of respondents to provide a thoughtful answer (Hopper, 2016a). [...]the authors considered it an imperative for the survey questions to encourage thoughtful answers gleaned only after an extended period of time, and following a major shift in operations from onsite work to telework.

THE IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC AND COVID-19 CRISES ON THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES

Purpose. To analyze the development of individual economic indicators, that are key aspects in evaluating the economy of countries in the context of international comparison and competitiveness. Through yearonyear changes, to monitor the development of indicators such as gross value added, total employment and hours worked in the last two crisis periods. To compare the impact of the economic and COVID19 crises on the mentioned economic indicators and labor productivity in the Visegrad Group countries. Methodology. Several scientific methods suitable for the detection of the impact of crises were used in the article. In particular, elementary time series analysis and index numbers were calculated to detect the most important development trends of selected indicators. Chain indexes and fixed base indexes were figured for the gross value added, employment, number of hours worked, labor productivity per person employed and labor productivity per hour worked. Within the indicators it was searched for the impact of economic and COVID19 crises. Findings. Analysis of labor productivity and its development in crisis periods, as well as analysis of development of individual indicators from which the productivity was calculated was the key issue of the study. Despite the assumptions of some authors that the pandemic crisis will have a more significant impact on the change of countries' economies than the global economic crisis, the study did not support this assumption. The yearonyear changes of the indicator in time of both crises were approximately the same, in some cases we recorded a higher yearonyear decrease in indicators due to the economic crisis and not due to the COVID crisis. Originality. The development of selected indicators including two types of labor productivity within the global economic crisis and the pandemic crisis COVID19 was subjected to analysis among Visegrad Group countries. Practical value. The analysis of economic indicators carried out on a countrybycountry basis can later be used as a support in a deeper analysis of individual indicators and productivity, either within regions of countries or individual sections of national economies, in examining the impact of economic and COVID19 crises. © Michňová M., Megyesiova S., 2022.

LA EMPRESA EN ESPAÑA EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS: SALARIOS, BENEFICIOS E INVERSIÓN

El trabajo muestra la evolución de las principales variables de actividad y resultados agregados para el sector institucional de las sociedades no financieras, SNF, en España en los últimos años, con algunas comparaciones con el resto de sectores institucionales. La información y los análisis realizados ponen de manifiesto la contracción en la inversión empresarial en los dos últimos años con respecto a niveles prepandemia, retroceso que el trabajo explica por la pérdida de incentivos a invertir al disminuir la rentabilidad del capital. Por otra parte, el comportamiento procíclico de la productividad aparente del trabajo durante la pandemia explica buena parte del aumento en el coste laboral unitario, y la reducción del margen de beneficios, en este período. El trabajo propone que la recuperación de la inversión y la mejora de la productividad formen parte de las prioridades en los acuerdos colectivos, aprovechando las oportunidades que ofrecen los fondos del programa Next Generation EU (NGEU), e incorporando algunos cambios en la gobernanza y gestión empresarial.Alternate :The paper shows the time evolution of aggregate activity and performance variables for the non-financial corporate sector of the Spanish economy during the past recent years, including some comparisons with other sectors of the economy. The information collected and its analysis show the reduction in capital investment by nonfinancial corporations with respect to prepandemic levels, explained in the text by the reduction in incentives to invest resulting from the fall in the return on investment. The evidence provided also indicates that the procyclical behavior of labor productivity during the period, new in the recent history of the Spanish economy, explains to a large extend the increase in labor unit cost, and lower profit margins of Spanish firms in recent years. The text proposes increasing firms' capital formation and rising productivity as strategic collective targets for the incoming years, with the help of NGEU's funds and with changes and reforms in corporate governance and management.

What cannot be cured must be endured: The long-lasting effect of a COVID-19 infection on workplace productivity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered economic shock waves across the globe. Exploiting a natural experiment, this paper estimates how being infected with the virus shapes individual-level productivity after having recovered. Studying the performance of professional athletes in Germany and Italy and applying a staggered difference-in-differences design, we find that individual performance drops by around 6 percent after a previously infected athlete returns to the pitch. This striking deterioration remains persistent over time - amounting to 5% eight months after the infection. The effect increases with age and infection severity, and is spread disproportionally over the course of a match. We detect no productivity effects for other respiratory infections. We take these findings as first evidence that the pandemic might cause long-lasting effects on worker productivity and economic growth.

Penglibatan dan Produkviti Buruh Tempatan dalam Industri Kelapa Sawit

Abstrak: Produktiviti merupakan faktor penting untuk memastikan output yang optimum. Dalam industri kelapa sawit, produktiviti buruh memainkan peranan penting untuk memastikan kelestrarian pengeluaran hasil kelapa sawit mencapai sasaran. Sarawak yang merupakan negeri utama penyumbang industri kelapa sawit di Malaysia terpaksa berhadapan dengan masalah kekurangan tenaga buruh yang serius. Pemberhentian buruh asing disebabkan oleh pandermik Covid 19 menjadikan isu buruh di Sarawak lebih parah. Penglibatan buruh tempatan diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan isu pemberhentian buruh asing. Namun begitu, rata-rata orang tem-patan kurang berminat untuk terlibat dalam sektor pertanian kelapa sawit. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membin-cangkan penglibatan buruh tempatan dalam pertanian kelapa sawit dan juga strategi untuk meningkatkan produktiviti buruh tempatan. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatatif dan persampelan bertujuan dalam pengutipan data. Seramai 56 orang pekebun kecil kelapa sawit (PKS) yang mempunyai buruh tempatan telah dipilih. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, jenis buruh tempatan adalah ahli keluarga, sanak saudara dan buruh kam-pung. Mereka ini dibayar secara kontrak dan juga mengikut bilangan pokok kelapa sawit. Dari segi strategi untuk meningkatkan produkviti buruh, menggunakan pekerja yang berkemahiran, amalan pertanian baik, modal yang mencukupi, kemahiran menguruskan haiwan perosak dan penyakit tanaman, pengkhususan kerja, kerja berkumpulan serta memberikan ganjaran merupakan antara saranan yang dikemukan oleh PKS. Jika masalah ini tidak ditangani ia akan menjejaskan keseluruhan industri kelapa sawit khususnya di Sarawak me-mandangkan negeri ini merupakan antara penyumbang terbesar kelapa sawit negara. Jika kerajaan negeri dan persekutuan tidak dapat menyelesaikan isu kekurangan buruh dalam industri kelapa sawit, ia akan men-jejaskan seluruh industri kelapa sawit Malaysia.Alternate :Productivity is an essential factor in ensuring optimal output. In the oil palm industry, labour productivity is vital in ensuring that oil palm production reaches its target/production. Sarawak, a significant contributor to the oil palm industry in Malaysia, faces a severe labour shortage. The layoffs of foreign labour due to the Covid 19 pandemics made the labour issue in Sarawak even worse. The involvement of local labour is expected to resolve the decrease in foreign labour. However, local people have minimal interest in getting involved in the oil palm agriculture sector. This study aims to examine the involvement of local labour in oil palm and strategies to increase local labour productivity. This study uses quantitative methods and purposive sampling in data collection. A total of 56 oil palm smallholders (PKS) who have local labour were selected. The results showed the type of local labour are family members, relatives, and village labour. They are paid on a contract basis and according to the number of oil palm trees. In terms of strategies to increase labour productivity, employing skilled workers, good agricultural practices, adequate capital, skills in managing pests and crop diseases, job specialization, group work, and rewards are among the recommendations put forward by PKS. If this problem still occurs, it will affect the entire oil palm industry, especially in Sarawak, as the state is one of its most significant contributors to oil palm. If the local and federal governments cannot resolve labour shortage issue in the oil palm industry, it will affect Malaysia's entire oil palm industry.

MENA Energy Trends, Global Energy Warming, and COVID-19 Crisis: An Investigation Analysis from Oil, Gas, Regional Economy, and Labor Productivity

With the complex presence of important natural reserves, energy is considered as the main key ingredient to facilitate economic development in the Middle East, GCC, and Maghreb regions. Expectations for a rapidly growing economy in the next decade will likely cause an increase in the fraction of energy consumed domestically, limiting what is available for export. Considered as the home of global oil and gas reserves, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the cornerstone of the global energy architecture, and the global low-carbon energy transition poses critical questions to MENA oil and gas producers. Unfortunately, as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, growth in the MENA region was projected to fall to 2.8% in 2020, lower than the growth rates during the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2015 oil price shock. Before the coronavirus (COVID-2019), the sharp drop in oil and gas prices that began in 2015 fostered MENA hydrocarbon producers to launch ambitious economic reform programs in all regions. The main goal of these programs was not only to increase the diversification of investment sectors to boost national and regional economies but also to encourage the development of the nonhydrocarbon sector. This article argues for a new challenge investigation and analysis to figure out with current MENA policy options and future prospects, as well as the present impact of COVID-19, in addition to the public policies that encourage diversification economy sector to avoid entire dependence on oil and gas in export are dressed. It also deals with the investigation of the pressing need to create job opportunities for a large and youthful population and the new definition of the possibility of the world moving more aggressively towards low-carbon integration. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Mathematical Problems in Engineering is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

WORKPLACE MENTAL HEALTH: TOP OF MIND FOR LEADERS

In a commentary, the director of the Center for Workplace Mental Health says employers are uniquely positioned to support employee mental health and well-being. She explains how leaders can make a difference during and beyond COVID-19 by focusing on mental health using a LEAD (lead, communicate effectively, adapt to change and double down on access) framework.

Researchers' perceptions of teleworking in a Brazilian public scientific research company

The space-time flexibilization of work became common in private and public Brazilian companies after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to analyze, through a survey questionnaire, the researchers' perceptions at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) about work, social, and labor productivity characteristics related to the teleworking adopted over the course of a year in the company. The target audience of the study included 487 scientific researchers (master, doctor and post-doc level) from the public company located in 32 cities, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. The perceptions of the research participants were highly positive in relation to teleworking, with reflections on labor productivity enhancement and gains related to work autonomy and quality of life. Also, the future expectations about teleworking reveal the desire of a majority of the Embrapa researchers to maintain a flexible working arrangement, particularly based on a hybrid model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Portuguese) A flexibilizacao espaco-temporal do trabalho tornou-se comum nas empresas privadas e publicas brasileiras apos o advento da pandemia de COVID- 19. O presente estudo objetivou analisar por meio da aplicacao de um questionario de pesquisa as percepcoes dos pesquisadores da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), apos um ano atuando sob regime de teletrabalho, em relacao as caracteristicas laborais, sociais, produtivas e de contexto do trabalho, bem como aos beneficios, desafios e expectativas futuras associadas a esse modelo de trabalho. O publico-alvo do estudo englobou 487 pesquisadores cientificos (mestres, doutores e pos-doutores) da empresa publica alocados em 32 cidades amplamente distribuidas no territorio brasileiro. As percepcoes dos participantes da pesquisa em relacao ao teletrabalho foram altamente positivas, refletindo-se em aumento de produtividade laboral e ganhos na autonomia do trabalho e na qualidade de vida. As expectativas revelam o desejo da maioria dos pesquisadores da Embrapa de manterem o regime de trabalho flexivel, especialmente na modalidade hibrida. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) La flexibilizacion espacio-temporal del trabajo se hizo comun en las empresas publicas y privadas brasilenas con el advenimiento de la pandemia COVID-19. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar, mediante la aplicacion de un cuestionario de encuesta, las percepciones de los investigadores de Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), luego de un ano de trabajo en regimen de teletrabajo, en relacion a las caracteristicas laborales, sociales, productivas y del contexto laboral, asi como los beneficios, desafios y expectativas futuras asociadas a este modelo de trabajo. El publico objetivo del estudio incluyo a 487 investigadores cientificos (con maestrias, doctorados y postdoctorados) de la empresa publica ubicados en 32 ciudades ampliamente distribuidas en el territorio brasileno. Las percepciones de los participantes de la investigacion en relacion con el teletrabajo fueron altamente positivas, reflejando un aumento en la productividad laboral y beneficios en la autonomia laboral y la calidad de vida. Las expectativas revelan el deseo de la mayoria de los investigadores de Embrapa de mantener el regimen de trabajo flexible, especialmente en la modalidad hibrida. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The impact of COVID-19 on construction labor productivity: the case of Turkey

Purpose The aim of this study is to measure the impact of the factors affecting construction labor productivity by focusing on different types of construction works during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, as well as discuss solutions and immediate actions. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted in two steps. First, a quantitative survey was carried out to determine the dimension of factors negatively affecting construction labor productivity and the loss rate of different construction works from the employee perspective. The factors were identified through a literature review. The crucial relationships were highlighted as a result of a statistical analysis. Second, a survey was performed to determine the loss rate through a comparison of man-hour values before and after the beginning of the pandemic from the employer perspective. After an analysis and comparison of the results, semi-structured interviews were performed to discuss all findings and discover ways to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on construction labor productivity. Findings The results of the study clearly show that construction labor productivity was deeply affected by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Legal obligations, such as social distancing, wearing masks, and limitations on the number of workers, have been major drivers for lower labor productivity. Such obligations have a profound impact on interior construction works, especially based on teamwork. Concerning employer and labor-related factors, problems with getting payments on time, loss of income, and financial hardships are the leading factors resulting in decreased worker performance. Excavation, insulation, and plastering works were determined as the most affected construction works under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research limitations/implications The quantitative portion of this study is limited to a sample of respondents in the Turkish construction industry. Further research is necessary to provide an in-depth review into construction labor productivity in other countries with a larger respondent sample. Another limitation is sourced by the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may turn out that some findings are outdated. Despite these limitations, the insights from this study may enable employers to understand the major drivers and deep impacts of labor productivity loss by uncovering the main vulnerabilities during the pandemic. Recommended measures may also help policy-makers and stakeholders in the construction industry take necessary and immediate actions to ensure better construction labor productivity. Originality/value The study may contribute to a better understanding of a pandemic's impact on labor productivity by focusing on both employee and employer perspectives, especially in developing countries. The paper may help employers decide which priority measures are required for each construction work separately. The study is crucial not only for minimizing the negative effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on labor productivity but also for preparing for the post-pandemic era.

TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT BY LEAN AND MTM-2 TECHNIQUE

The situation of the covid-19 epidemic is a driving force of the global market's demand increase of electronic devices and parts. Entire electronic component manufacturers, especially the transformer manufacturing industry, which is a device that supplies power to many electronic devices, encounters problems in producing products that are unable to keep up with the quickly increasing demand. This research aims to increase the productivity of small transformers by lean approach. The paper depicts processes relevant to improving production processes, reducing waste, and finding unnecessary processes. The method begins with two actions. First, study the current situation in transformer manufacturing of a case study. Second, study the customer order to delivery process using the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and analyze entire processes of transformer manufacturing to identify standard time by unit work. The main technique is for measuring working time by timing the forward motion with the time measurement method version 2 (MTM-2). The Cause and Effect diagram was displayed with improving guidelines on two operations. First the concept of lean manufacturing was used in principal role, second the ECRS technique (Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange and Simplify) was applied to reduce "waste"as well as to optimize and reduce the manufacturing process of the transformer. The results lead to an increase in the final product per hour from 45 pieces per hour to 75 pieces per hour which increases up to 30% per hour. In addition, the productivity improvements increased the productivity of 3.46 workers per hour to 6.82 per hour (increase of 97.11%) and production time was reduced from 1,109 seconds to 229 seconds (73.04% of productivity). © 2022 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.

Consecuencias de la covid-19 en la economía y las finanzas públicas en México: más allá de la pandemia *

La crisis sanitaria generada por la acelerada propagación en el planeta del virus sarsCoV2 -fuente de la enfermedad covid-19- ha tenido un impacto negativo inevitable en los sistemas de salud y, simultáneamente, en la dinámica de las economías global, regional y nacional. Los problemas estructurales de la economía mexicana y la estrechez del espacio fiscal no surgieron con la pandemia, se fueron configurando durante las últimas tres décadas mediante la implementación del modelo económico que privilegió las políticas orientadas al mercado y el retiro de la intervención del Estado en la economía, en busca de una supuesta eficiencia en la asignación de los recursos y los factores productivos. En este artículo se analiza el impacto de la covid-19 en la economía y la hacienda pública de México, desde una perspectiva que plantea la existencia previa de las debilidades estructurales de la economía, a fin de buscar mayor dinamismo de la producción, el ingreso, la inversión productiva, la generación de empleo y la productividad laboral. También se plantea que las crisis de salud y económica representan una oportunidad para impulsar un nuevo modelo económico que trascienda las políticas económicas de raíz neoliberal, mediante el diseño y la instrumentación de una política para la transformación y la diversificación productivas, el desarrollo industrial, la innovación, la ciencia y la tecnología. Se busca un nuevo modelo económico que vaya más allá de la pandemia para el desarrollo de capacidades productivas y tecnológicas en el que la política económica no sea un fin para la estabilidad macroeconómica, sino un medio para alcanzar el objetivo central de bienestar social de la población.Alternate :The health crisis generated by the accelerated spread on the planet of the sars-CoV2 virus - the source of the covid-19 disease-has had an inevitable negative impact on health systems and simultaneously on the dynamics of the global, regional, and national economies. The structural problems of the Mexican economy and the narrowness of the fiscal space did not arise with the pandemic, they were configured during the last three decades with the implementation of the economic model that privileged market-oriented policies and the withdrawal of state intervention in the economy., in search of a supposed efficiency in the allocation of resources and productive factors. This article analyzes the impact of the covid-19 disease on the economy and public finances of Mexico, within a perspective that raises the previous existence of structural weaknesses in the economy to generate greater dynamism in production, income, productive investment, job creation, and labor productivity. The health and economic crises represent an opportunity to promote a new economic model that transcends the policies of neoliberal roots, through the design and implementation of an economic policy for the transformation and diversification of production, industrial development, innovation, science, and technology. A new economic model that goes beyond the pandemic, for the development of productive and technological capacities in which economic policy is not an end for macroeconomic stability, but a means to achieve the central objective of social welfare of the population.

Consequences of covid-19 on the economy and public finance in Mexico: Beyond the pandemic.

The health crisis generated by the accelerated spread on the planet of the sars-CoV2 virus—the source of the covid-19 disease—has had an inevitable negative impact on health systems and simultaneously on the dynamics of the global, regional, and national economies. The structural problems of the Mexican economy and the narrowness of the fiscal space did not arise with the pandemic, they were configured during the last three decades with the implementation of the economic model that privileged market-oriented policies and the withdrawal of state intervention in the economy., in search of a supposed efficiency in the allocation of resources and productive factors. This article analyzes the impact of the covid-19 disease on the economy and public finances of Mexico, within a perspective that raises the previous existence of structural weaknesses in the economy to generate greater dynamism in production, income, productive investment, job creation, and labor productivity. The health and economic crises represent an opportunity to promote a new economic model that transcends the policies of neoliberal roots, through the design and implementation of an economic policy for the transformation and diversification of production, industrial development, innovation, science, and technology. A new economic model that goes beyond the pandemic, for the development of productive and technological capacities in which economic policy is not an end for macroeconomic stability, but a means to achieve the central objective of social welfare of the population. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] La crisis sanitaria generada por la acelerada propagación en el planeta del virus sars- CoV2 —fuente de la enfermedad covid-19— ha tenido un impacto negativo inevitable en los sistemas de salud y, simultáneamente, en la dinámica de las economías global, regional y nacional. Los problemas estructurales de la economía mexicana y la estrechez del espacio fiscal no surgieron con la pandemia, se fueron configurando durante las últimas tres décadas mediante la implementación del modelo económico que privilegió las políticas orientadas al mercado y el retiro de la intervención del Estado en la economía, en busca de una supuesta eficiencia en la asignación de los recursos y los factores productivos. En este artículo se analiza el impacto de la covid-19 en la economía y la hacienda pública de México, desde una perspectiva que plantea la existencia previa de las debilidades estructurales de la economía, a fin de buscar mayor dinamismo de la producción, el ingreso, la inversión productiva, la generación de empleo y la productividad laboral. También se plantea que las crisis de salud y económica representan una oportunidad para impulsar un nuevo modelo económico que trascienda las políticas económicas de raíz neoliberal, mediante el diseño y la instrumentación de una política para la transformación y la diversificación productivas, el desarrollo industrial, la innovación, la ciencia y la tecnología. Se busca un nuevo modelo económico que vaya más allá de la pandemia para el desarrollo de capacidades productivas y tecnológicas en el que la política económica no sea un fin para la estabilidad macroeconómica, sino un medio para alcanzar el objetivo central de bienestar social de la población. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Trimestre Económico is the property of Fondo de Cultura Economica / Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Drivers of Economic Catch-up in Asia: A Study of ASEAN Countries with Comparative Views of China and India

This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the sources of economic growth and catch-up of ASEAN countries since the Asian Financial Crisis, with comparative views ofChina and India. The study employs different decomposition frameworks to gain insights into the drivers of the Association's economic performance over the 1997-2017 period. Three findings are most notable. First, all ten member states, except for Brunei, recorded a strong catch up performance, with labour productivity being the leading driver in most countries. Second, the drivers of labour productivity catch-up exhibit some distinctive patterns among countries, which depend on the level of income and economic structure. Third, in all decomposition analyses, ASEAN countries are well below China and India across sources of growth, which tends to suggest that countries in the grouping could improve their performance by enhancing market integration and policy coordination. Although the long-term prospect of ASEAN is bright, the COVID19 pandemic and the recent military coup in Myanmar have indicated that the road to future prosperity of the region is expected to face formidable challenges.

Impact of Budget Investment on Labor Productivity in Resource Models of Intellectual Capital (on the Example of Russian Regions) *

This paper investigates the influence of budget investment in intellectual capital on labor productivity in Russian regions. The study shows that investments in fixed assets of the education sector, investments in the creation of new information technologies, investments in the field of research and development (R&D) directly related to human intellectual activity can be considered as the main areas of investment that form the intellectual capital of the region, and also as resource factors of economic growth in addition to the basic factor - the dynamics of the capital-labor ratio. Econometric models of the influence of private and budget investments in fixed assets (including federal and regional), investments in ICT, education and R&D on labor productivity, built using the production function and panel regression, are based on data for 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2017-2019 years, presented on the websites of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System (EMISS) of the Russian Federation. The results of modeling showed the significant impact of budget investments in ICT, as well as training and retraining of personnel on labor productivity in Russian regions.

Attribution of Changes in Vietnam’s Labor Productivity

This study examines the change in labor productivity in Vietnam by means of a Fisher index decomposition and attribution analysis. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the aggregate labor productivity is decomposed into pure labor productivity and structural change from 2007 to 2019. All of the aggregate labor productivity, pure labor productivity, structural change, and interaction terms have increased by 69.83%, 36.74%, 24.20%, and 8.89%, respectively. Second, the percentage change in labor productivity is attributed to 20 sub-industries by pure labor productivity and structural change. The sum of the multi-period attribution of pure labor productivity and structural change shows that the manufacturing industry positively dominates (15.84%) and plays a key role in economic development. The positive pure labor productivity and structural change in the manufacturing industry imply that the structural bonus hypothesis does hold in the industry. The findings also indicate that pure labor productivity, especially in the service industry, should be improved to sustain economic growth.

MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN THE PERIOD OF 2020-2021

This article provides a comprehensive summary of selected macroeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic, including an assessment of certain implemented fiscal and monetary policies, using data from 2019 (to compare the development of the economic situation during the COVID-19 pandemic with the period before the onset of the pandemic), 2020 and 2021 on a monthly or quarterly basis. Particular attention is paid to monetary policy effects, which, unlike fiscal policy, the Mundell-Fleming model considers effective in a small open economy with a freely floating exchange rate. The article also investigates the volume of fiscal measures taken to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic effects, the restrictive measures introduced to Czech households and firms as well as labour market developments during the period of 2019-2021, including quantification of the aggregate labour productivity index. The conclusions of the article are that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic acted in accordance with the established partial hypotheses of the Mundell-Fleming model and in accordance with the hypothesis of the modified Phillips curve. Possible causes of the significant increase in inflation since September 2021 include 2020 nominal public and private sector salary growth, which showed faster growth than aggregate labour productivity, and the highly expansionary fiscal policy that characterized the 2021 pre-election period.